![]() Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at the Vatican City. It then became increasingly taught only to be read. In these periods Latin was used productively and generally taught to be written and spoken, at least until the late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode. This was the basis for Neo-Latin which evolved during the early modern period. ![]() Medieval Latin was used across Western and Catholic Europe during the Middle Ages as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance, which then developed a classicizing form, called Renaissance Latin. In Latin's usage beyond the early medieval period, it lacked native speakers. Late Latin is the literary language from the 3rd century AD onwards, and Vulgar Latin's various regional dialects had developed by the 6th to 9th centuries into the ancestors of the modern Romance languages. Vulgar Latin was the colloquial register with less prestigious variations attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and author Petronius. The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets.īy the late Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin. Latin is a highly inflected language, with three distinct genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), seven noun cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, vocative, and vestigial locative), five declensions, four verb conjugations, six tenses (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect), three persons, three moods, two voices (passive and active), two or three aspects, and two numbers (singular and plural). For most of the time it was used, it would be considered a " dead language" in the modern linguistic definition that is, it lacked native speakers, despite being used extensively and actively. Even after the fall of Western Rome, Latin remained the common language of international communication, science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when regional vernaculars (including its own descendants, the Romance languages) supplanted it in common academic and political usage. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. Latin was originally spoken in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area around Rome. Latin ( lingua Latina or Latinum ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. ![]() Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Many languages other than Latin were spoken within the empire. 117 AD) and the area governed by Latin speakers. Greatest extent of the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan ( c. ![]()
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